Name Reactions Part 2

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Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

  1. Rosenmund Reduction:
    R–COCl+H2→Pd/BaSO4R–CHO

    (Reduction of acid chlorides to aldehydes)

     2. Stephen Reaction:
    R–CN→SnCl2/HClR–CHO

    (Reduction of nitriles to aldehydes)

    3. Etard Reaction:
    C6H5CH3→CrO2Cl2C6H5CHO(Oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde)\text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_3 \xrightarrow{\text{CrO}_2\text{Cl}_2} \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CHO}

    Clemmensen Reduction:
    R–CO–R’+Zn(Hg)+HCl→R–CH2–R
    (Reduction of ketones to alkanes)

    Wolf-Kishner Reduction:
    R–CO–R’→NH2NH2/KOHR–CH2–R(Reduction of ketones to alkanes)

    6.Aldol Condensation:
    2R–CHO→OH−R–CH(OH)–CH(R)-CHO

    (Condensation of aldehydes/ketones with α\alpha-hydrogen)

    7.Cannizzaro Reaction:
    2R–CHO→OH−R–COO−+R–CH2OH

    (Disproportionation of aldehydes without  \alpha-hydrogen)

    8.Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction (HVZ):
    R–CH2COOH+Br2+P→R–CHBr–COOH
    (Halogenation of carboxylic acids at the  \alpha-position)

    9.Decarboxylation Reaction:
    R–COONa+NaOH→HeatR–H+Na2CO3  

    (Removal of a carboxyl group)

    10.Kolbe Electrolysis:
    2RCOO−→ElectrolysisR–R+2CO2(Electrolytic decarboxylation of carboxylic acids)

    1. Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis:
      C6H4(CO)2N–+R–X→R–NH2\text{C}_6\text{H}_4(\text{CO})_2\text{N}^– + \text{R–X} \rightarrow \text{R–NH}_2
      (Synthesis of primary amines)

    2. Hoffmann Bromamide Reaction:
      R–CONH2+Br2+4NaOH→R–NH2+Na2CO3+2NaBr+2H2O
      (Conversion of amides to amines)

       

    \text{2RCOO}^- \xrightarrow{\text{Electrolysis}} \text{R–R} + \text{2CO}_2    \text{R–COONa} + \text{NaOH} \xrightarrow{\text{Heat}} \text{R–H} + \text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3    \text{2R–CHO} \xrightarrow{\text{OH}^-} \text{R–COO}^- + \text{R–CH}_2\text{OH}

    \text{R–CN} \xrightarrow{\text{SnCl}_2/\text{HCl}} \text{R–CHO}

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